The Impact of Social Media on the Rare of Growth of Small and Medium Essay

The Impact of Social Media on the Rare of Growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises - Essay Example The paper tells that there is a major weakness with the questionnaire in terms ethical consideration. As an academic research, it is expected that the researcher makes a lot of provision for ensuring ethical protection for respondents. Some of these ethical protections should include the assurance of anonymity of respondents. The researcher must also keep responses highly confidential. Such assurances make respondents highly confident too in the answers they provide. The questionnaire should have therefore had a preamble that gives respondents these ethical assurances. What is more, there is a repetition of questions throughout the questionnaire. There are questions that have been reframed in different ways but seek to collect the same piece of data. There should have therefore been a better mopping up exercise to rid the questionnaire of repeated questions. Again, the questionnaire lacks clear-cut categorization of questions with headings. In the absence of such categorization, resp ondents are often confused on what a particular question is seeking to find. In this event, they may misunderstand the questions and answer them in different contexts. In future research, there would be conscious effort to present the questions in a more presentable way by clearly stating question numbers and categorizing the questions according to a minimum of four major themes. The questionnaires were distributed among two hundred respondents. These respondents were selected from different industrial backgrounds including hospitality, education, health, entertainment, transport, financial service, manufacturing, politics and so on. This was to ensure a large representation base. Among the two hundred respondents, the chart below represents those who use social media and those who do not. After the data on the use of social media were collected, the researcher grouped the responses according to the field of industry. This was done in order to find the time of industries that practi ced the use of social media most. In this regard, it was found that business to customer enterprises used social media more often than business to business enterprises After identifying which of the respondents used social media and which did not, the researcher went ahead to find out the specific social media that was used by these enterprises. The reason for collecting this particular data was because the literature review had proofed that some of the social media networks were more popular than others. The researcher, therefore, wanted to find out how the popularity of a particular social media network influenced and impacted the reasons for which the respondents were using them. The chart below represents the allocation of respondents and the kind of social media network they used. The researcher sought to find from respondents, the reasons why they used social media. This was an important data because the literature review has revealed that using social media serves diverse pur poses.

Evaluation and Recommendations for Further Work Essay

Evaluation and Recommendations for Further Work - Essay Example The sources used in the paper were mainly of the popular-scholarly type. The paper could have had a better appeal if the sources were corroborated by other sources that are of the pure scholarly nature. The resources also had to be made in such a manner that they were relevant to the topic of business management. The paper sources were generally acceptable and they provided the audience with the sufficient amount of information. The ultimate test of the ability of a person to write in the upper college level is measured by his prowess in matching the quality of the resources with the quantity. In this case, the paper was capable of attaining this threshold. However, resources could have been more involving and engaging. The degree of the resources in engaging the reader makes the paper match the strong claims made by the thesis (Bryman and Bell, 2003). The quality of the paper was also adequate in meeting the demand or the expectations of the target audience and the topical demands. The other point of evaluation applicable in the analysis of the project is the capacity of the paper to use the sources that are current and relevant to the topic of business management. The most relevant article is the journal articles. Articles are better as sources compared to books since they have a narrow and deep scope (Cooper, Schindler and others, 2003). The use of the books in the library to make up the report is a major flop since the implied content in the books may not be really practical. The paper was not capable of using the resources that have the amount of currency demanded. Sources used in the paper lacked the currency and scope limitations since they were mainly composed of books (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2007). The bulk of the information in the books could have been reduced had the research paper borrowed a lot from the articles (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2007).

Example Answers for Questions on Nestle Organization Resources Management

Example Answers for Questions on Nestle Organization Resources Management Corporate strategy design to achieving the goals of organization in the profitable means in this case any organization has specific corporate strategy, which help the organization to fulfill its requirement. There are some corporate strategies and human resources of Nestle firm that evaluate the critical condition that is under below. (i) Corporate Strategy of Nestle firm Value and expectation Value expectation define the value of firm in the market if the value is not judge by the higher management so it will fail to complete its goals the expectation define what happen if we will implement all the corporate strategy in the market level the expectation is the result of firm. And in the Human resources strategy the value and expectation define about the employees working condition and what is the expectation when they find out the result. The worker what expect form organization in the case of incentive and other bounces The Environment Changing environment is better for organization because the environment defines the innovation product in the market the corporate strategy is already define the environment changes in its plan. The environment for the worker or employees provide the facilities like the incentive, salary, wages and other perks if the environment is better for worker and have enough facilities so the worker will willingly to work with organization. Resources Resources is blood of organization if the organization have better resource for production like low price of raw material and long term in production so the firm will be better competing other. Resources for worker like medical expenses TADA expenses and other utilities allowance provide the better idea for worker to do more work for firm Nestle firm provide the better resources and facilities to their worker. Resources planning Is the major issue in corporate strategy it is design before starting the annual plans one the resources planning structure is define it modify with the passage of time Resource planning provide the large profit to organization. Resources planning in Human Resources strategy is how to deal with employee if the other firm provide the better incentive to their worker so the organization provide large amount of facilities to their workers. Generation of options At the level of generation of option means how to find new ideas if new thing demand new ideas so the option can solve this problems. Hiring of new employee can create the problem after the time pass because the environmental changes reduce the resources for worker so the generation of option is come front the firm in which the decision make like where is the right place of worker and where they will fit. Evaluation of option Evaluation of option in corporate strategy provide the better consideration to whole firm plans this kind of evaluation give the strength to firm that all the work is done by the planning system. If the plan is not done properly so the firm locate other option after better judgment The evaluation of option in Human resources strategies how to find out the new resources for worker if the existing option is working better then the result what will. Organization option Organization option Corporate strategy is in the case of loss circumstances then the organizing will liquidation or will merge in other firm for recover of loss. Organization option in human resource in the case of loss of organization the organization will firing the employee or suspend the work for some short period. Selection of strategy Selection of strategy in corporate process after the evaluation of option when firm design any strategy so it will implement for temporary bases so after come out the better result that it will modify other strategy and then selection the right way for firm. In human Resources system the selection of strategy can define when the existing policy in not working with the time. The human resources define the better way to communicate with worker to select the strategy. All This kind of corporate strategy focus on three option that is under below Strategy implementation Strategy implementation is after the analysis of all corporate and human strategy. Implementation how to apply all the strategies with better working environment. Strategic analysis Strategic analysis is how to evaluate the strategic goals the strategies are correctly apply with the existing goals. Strategic choice Strategic choice how to choice the strategic formulation in recent goals if the choice is according to the goals and the goals are working with the prior choice so the choice will be same if there is some problem with goals the choice will be change and new idea of strategy will apply. The major object of Nestle Corporation strategic is how to make its good image in changing environment. Corporate strategic can call the main idea or central planning of firm if the strategy is less effective to implementation in organization so it will fail main maintain its worth in market so the main point is define prior for corporate strategy. (B) Evaluate whether chosen organization has success in chosen corporate strategy and human resources strategy. Nestle has different product that provide the proper customer satisfaction because it has the unique name in all over the world the corporate strategy of Nestle provide the long term planning for better profit it also provide the market strategies. This firm is successful because of its corporate strategies. There are some specific corporate strategies that make it different form other organization and compete all the level firms the corporate strategies of Nestle is under below. Raw Materials: Raw materials is basic point of any firm it consist not only at the level of one firm if the firm has thousand of sources to collect the cheaper raw material so it will gain best profit in the market because Raw material is the basic need of firm so the Nestle firm received the raw material form efficient way and provide the better product and services to their customer in the market. Manufacturing: Manufacturing is base on the modern techniques so the imported machine and modern plant provide the best and clean product to their customer. The modern manufacturing plant gives the more quantity in minimum break down or more productivity in less time. This is the corporate strategy of Nestle firm. Distribution and sales: Distribution and sales is major problem form any firm specially the Nestle company. Nestle has the master planning to distribution of product to their customer with low time on less cost this master corporate planning is design at the start of the product distribution if the distribution will at the right place at the right time to right customer so the sale will promote rapidly. Marketing: Marketing define what is the worth of firm in the market level if the firm has complete or already create the market worth so it will less expenses to efforts. Nestle company Corporate strategy priory define the Marketing position how to target the market in what time. Services: Services is more vital for all product if the company has low service but the product is well so the market will destroy and all function of corporate strategy will loss so the Nestle has unique services at time bases provide the better approach to customer. Key Employees: Key employees are backbone of company. Key employees has innovate new way to promote the production if the key employees provide the laziness services to customers or firm so the central point of firm will discard key employees have new ideas to product promotion and productivity. Financial and Operational Strategy: Financial and operational strategy has the blood value in Nestle firm financial activities give the better understanding how to use the finance in different ways if the financial in not insert in business at the time of nasality so it will collapse its business. Nestle firm has different sources to finance in business when it needed. The corporate strategy has define the different way in plan for collecting the financing form government and shareholders Human Resources Strategies: Human resources strategies provide the better use of resources of workers in the organization if the form or organization has no better strategies form worker so it will loss the major skillful property at the time of demand there are some human resources strategies that provide the better understanding to Nestle firm. Hiring the skillful employees Nestle firm has better hiring planning for skillful employees because this organization has more intelligent and efficient worker for better product if the worker or employees will understand working condition more it will have low chance to less productivity so the main aim in human resources in nestle firm hiring the skillful employees in the organization. Salaries Salary attracts employees very quickly if the salaries are less that the expectation form employees so they will turn over the firm and lay down the organization. So nestle human resources department provide the best salary package to their employees. Incentive Incentive pay by the firm time-to-time incentive is extra award to worker in their working this strategy allure the worker for more hardworking and over time. Bonuses Bonuses is pay at the specific time that provide by the firm this kind of allowance is on the profit organization and bonuses create the worth of workers in the firm. Firing of workers Human resources planning has another way to downsizing the staff this strategy happened when worker are in huge volume and the business in less then its boundary the firing of the worker is include loss productivity, time wasting, fun at the working time and low profit time. Job satisfaction Job satisfaction is also define in the range of human resources strategies job satisfaction means the right person at the right place if the worker is assign at the wrong the work will not done by the organization quality and it will provide the less productivity to firm so the Nestle human resources strategy assign the efficient worker at the right place. Job enrichment Job enrichment means what is the job providing to worker even in the shape of incentive of learning the working environment if the job provides the better satisfaction to their worker so it will call the enrichment of job. (C) Recommend changes that the chosen organization would need to make its human resource strategy if confront by the merger, acquisition, Strategic alliance and joint venture. Human resources strategies define the better sources for merge the organization in to other organization in the case of loss selling or in new form the merger of nestle is under below. Mergers of Nestle: Mergers of Nestle in market in Cadbury chocolate. Joint venture of Nestle: Nestle and Pillsbury recently formed a joint venture named Ice Cream Partners USA Strategic Alliance of Nestle: On the other hand, a strategic alliance between General Mills and Nestle, through a firm called Cereal Partners Worldwide (CPW). Acquisition of Nestle: Nestlà © has agreed to acquire Kraft Foods frozen pizza business in the US and Canada for USD 3.7 billion in cash. The business includes brands such as DiGiorno, Tombstone, California Pizza Kitchen, Jacks and Delissio. This frozen pizza business provides a new strategic pillar to Nestlà ©s frozen food portfolio in the US and Canada, where the Company has already established a leadership in prepared dishes and hand-held product categories under the Stouffers, Lean Cuisine, Buitoni, Hot Pockets and Lean Pockets brands. The acquisition brings leadership in the frozen pizza category, where Nestlà © only had a minor presence until now, and builds on Nestlà ©s existing pizza know-how and operations in Europe. It is a natural fit with Nestlà ©s focus on delivering convenient, premium, wholesome and nutritious frozen food for consumers around the world. The transaction is subject to US and Canadian regulatory approval and is expected to be completed in 2010 (2) Evaluate the organizational strategies for retention, recruitment, training and development Retention Recruitment Training and development (3) Critically review the purpose and benefit of performance appraisal and reward management including financial and non-financial reward. Performance appraisal Critical incidental method In Nestle firm the critical incidental method is complete image of worker through the different ideas and debates in which many incidental method use like when worker perform well in problematic situation. Weighted checklist Weighted checklist provides the weight of worker at the every task through this method many appraisal can be judged at annually basis. Graphic rating scale Graphic rating is converting form statically number it only take look at the graphic on perform level. Essay evaluation In essay evaluation the ability of worker can be judge by the written pages that is use for performance of the years. Performance rating Performance rating provide the annul, quarterly, and semi annual record this performance rating give the better idea of worker performance appraisal. Management by object MBO is other idea for performance appraisals in which the performance and management do every object take every step by object system and then define he worker performance. 360 degree performance appraisal 360 degree is scanning all the performance of employees at every level, which provide the complete image to performance appraisal. Force ranking Force ranking means how the authority workers control all the staff and how much efficient way he creates on its working environment. Behavioral observation scale Behavioral observation scale is consist at the attitude of worker in the more problem situation this kind of the appraisal can be judge at he complexities of workers. Reward management. Pay and compensation Pay and compensation means pay some finance to employees at some incident or accident in the case of medical and other even damages pay etc. Fixed level of pay Fixed level of pay in not very famous in the firm in this the chances of progress become less and the performance works to low. Reward link to performance. Reward link to performance means the better reward for efficient performance on this the reward management pay the reward in the shape of financial and non-financial system. Financial reward Wages and salaries Wages and salaries is basic reward to workers and worker work for the wages at the monthly and daily base. Fringe benefit Fringe benefit extra allowance like TADA and Car charges to their workers. Performance rate pay Performance rate pay apply the performance of worker if the worker perform the better act to more productivity so the Nestle pay the better advantages to performance like in the shape of finance. Profit sharing Profit sharing scheme is mostly in multinational company in which the profit is sharing in the form of bonus and other incentives. Share ownership Share ownership is another kind of financial reward system in which the higher management shares some profit or salaries in share ownership Nestle is multinational company and provide the facilities to their workers. Non financial reward Job enrichment Nestle human resources provide the facility to right person on right place so that can create the image in firm job enrichment. Job enlargement Job enlargement in nestle firm provide the large task and complexity to one worker its call job enlargement. Team working Team working reduces the complexity of work that may face by the individual workers. Nestle firm believe on team working because the diversification can reduce the problem of task. Empowerment Empowerments means provide the authority to one worker to hold on big task this kind of working usually involve enhancing the performance of worker.

Essay --

MRSA among athletes Staphylococcus discovery started when it is first investigated and been observed also culture by Pasteur and Koch but were made by Ogston in 1881 and Rosenbach in 1884 (Ogston, 1882: Rosenbach, 1884). Staphylococcus aureus is well known as staph are bacteria that carried on the skin or nose of healthy people. About 25 to 50 per cent of people carried this staph according to research that being made. Most skin that infected by staph causes minor affect likes pimple but it can be cure without using an antibiotics. Sometimes, staph can cause serious problem for example pneumonia, blood or joint infections and deep skin infections. Usually athletes tend to get the infection anywhere equipment rubs and cause broken skin such as on the hands, knees or elbows for football, basketball or volleyball players or on the buttocks or sides of the legs for rowers. According to (Rosenbach), S. aureus were responsible for wound infections and furunculosis (Rosenbach, 1884). After that, surgeon being afraid of this microbe could infect the patient who doing surgeries. They believed that Staphylococcus can cause life threatening disease after trauma and fatal pneumonia during influenza season. Therefore, in pre-antibiotic era, S.aureus was known as major life-threatening pathogen. MRNA started to become world-wide problem in 1950 (Shanson, 1982; Cokkson and Philips, 1990). MRNA stands for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and this microbe are related to MRNA is staphylococcus aureus. S.aureus is a bacterium commonly found on skin, axillae and nares of healthy individuals. MRSA is the outbreak of skin infections caused by S.aureus which is resistance to antibiotics. During 1950, a new virulent strain of peni... ...self-inoculation’ from a carrier site or acquired by contact with an exogenous source, usually another person. People who are nasal carriers of virulent Staphylococcusaureus can also cause serious skin diseases due to toxin production. In addition, skin and soft tissue infections are also caused by MRSA. Therefore, the treatment involves drainage and this is usually sufficient for minor lesions, but antibiotics may be given in addition when the infection is severe and the patient has a fever. MRSA can be treated with enzyme-stable penicilins such as nafcilin. Isolates resistant to these compounds may be treated with vancomycin, linezolid, quinopristin-dalfoprisin, or daptomycin. (Goering et al. (2008).Treatment with this agent does not necessarily eradicate carriage of the staphylococci. Lastly, good skin care and personal hygiene should be encouraged.

Issue Management at Gap Inc. Essay

Introduction Gap Inc. : Low Morale and Absenteeism Low morale and absenteeism of are serious problems of Gap Inc. that cuts across industry. On a distinctive day between 2 and 4% of employees at Gap Inc. fail to show up for work, which does not sound like a high rate of absence, but more time is lost for the reason that of low morale and absenteeism than through strikes and lockouts. The yearly costs of low morale and absenteeism in the United States are estimated to be $29 billion and a change of 4. 99% in the national absence rate changes the gross national product by $10 billion. (London, 2003) A great number of studies are done to identify the determinants of low morale and absenteeism. Many variables are found to be considerably related to indices of absence, the results appear to be unstable across situations and time. The Way Incentives Work Every incentive program is based on a formula for enhancing motivation that engages four fundamental variables: effort, performance, outcomes, and satisfaction. The logic behind these programs goes something like this: employees at Gap Inc. will put in the accurate quantity of effort to meet performance hopes if these part time employees at Gap Inc.obtain the types of outcomes that include pay raises and promotions which will provide part time employees satisfaction. In simpler words, Gap Inc. should provide its employees what they want, and employees will work hard to get it. Effort => Performance => Outcomes=> Satisfaction Conversely, the problem with most incentive programs like of Gap Inc. is that they centre exclusively on the submission of outcomes and overlook the three beliefs that are the key to making the motivation solution work: †¢ Can one do it? †¢ Will outcomes be tied to one’s performance? †¢ Will outcomes be satisfying to one? The first conviction compacts with the relationship between employee effort and performance. The second compacts with the relationship between performance and outcomes. And the third compacts with the relationship between outcomes and satisfaction. These three beliefs form the basis of the belief system of motivation and performance. Accepting that these beliefs are decisive preconditions for motivation helps to explain why incentive programs generally yield such lacklustre results like in case of Gap Inc. Since employees do not always hold these beliefs to be true, attempts to improve motivation by using incentives cannot make the grade, even when the incentives are highly desirable ones. Types of Motivation Problems One cannot do it Motivation problem: Lack of confidence Associated feelings: Self-doubt Anxiety Frustration Outcomes are not tied to one’s performance Motivation problem: Lack of trust Associated feelings: Scepticism Disbelief Mistrust Outcomes will not be satisfying to one Motivation problem: Lack of satisfaction Associated feelings: Anger Rebelliousness Low Morale and Absenteeism At Gap Inc. a major transformation attempt only makes difficult the situation. If any of three beliefs are shaky to begin with, organisational change at Gap Inc. can weaken them even further. The result is often serious motivation and performance problems, at a time when organisations can least afford them, and a resultant surge in the negative emotions associated with change. When an employee believes ‘one cannot do it’ for example, one may develop a lack of self-confidence and begin to experience many of the unpleasant feelings that go along with it: self-doubt, anxiety, and frustration. About a year into the change effort, one manager portrayed the inner turmoil one went through by comparing the restructuring to building a ship at the same time one is trying to sail it. (Mele, 2003) Worker beliefs that ‘outcomes are not tied to one’s performance’ can also escort to noteworthy motivation problems, especially lack of trust. This is normally accompanied by feelings of scepticism or disbelief; precisely the emotions that another manager felt when one was told early on change effort that power would be allocated differently. Employee beliefs that ‘outcomes will not be satisfying to one’ often escort to a third major problem, chronic dissatisfaction, and to feelings of anger, rebelliousness, low morale and absenteeism. (Miner, 2002) Like as the negative emotions allied with change can often go undetected, the motivation and performance problems that cause them frequently remain hidden and unresolved. Due to this, managers who lead change are sometimes frustrated in their efforts. They fail to realise that it is not enough to appeal to the intellect of their workers. So managers must also win employees’ hearts in order to implement change successfully. The reason behind why are motivation problems so difficult to uncover is that employees are afraid to speak about them or even admit that they exist like at Gap Inc. Though most employees know when they have a motivation problem, many feel that acknowledging it is tantamount to admitting failure, and, naturally, they do not want to appear weak or incompetent to their manager. The belief system approach is practical method that can help manager at Gap Inc. resolve these problems effectively. It takes the guesswork out of the search for motivation problems and alerts managers to the three principal types: †¢ Motivation problems caused by a lack of confidence. †¢ Motivation problems caused by a lack of trust. †¢ Motivation problems caused by a lack of satisfaction. The approach is based on the expectancy theory of motivation and on the research of Yale University professor Victor H. Vroom. In conducting Vroom’s analyses of why motivation improvement so often fails, Vroom came to the conclusion that motivation at work depends on certain employee expectations or beliefs: that effort will lead to performance, that performance will lead to outcomes, and that these outcomes, when received, will be satisfying. (Thomas, 2004) Like other expectancy theorists, Vroom maintained that the tendency of people to act in certain ways depends on the strength of the expectation that their actions will be followed by certain outcomes and on the perceived value — or â€Å"valence† — of those outcomes. This combination of expectation and valence is what determines people’s behaviour, Vroom and colleagues argued, and unless both expectation and valence are present to some degree, there will be little or no motivation to act. For example, if a person wants a certain outcome but doesn’t feel it can be achieved through one’s efforts, then that person won’t be motivated. Similarly, that person will also lack motivation if one believes that a certain outcome can be achieved but is undesirable. The application model relies on structured, facilitated meetings between managers and their direct reports to find the answers to the three basic questions that uncover motivation problems: †¢ Does the employee believe that one’s effort will lead to the expected performance? †¢ Does the employee believe that outcomes will be tied to one’s performance? †¢ Does the employee believe the outcomes will be satisfying? Preconditions for Employee Motivation AT Gap Inc. managers have to note that an employee is motivated to perform when †¢ The employee believes that effort will lead to performance. †¢ The employee believes that performance will lead to outcomes. †¢ The employee believes that outcomes will lead to satisfaction. AT Gap Inc. once a manager has recognised a specific motivation problem, one can then work with the employee to find its cause and develop an appropriate solution. There are several reasons that this model performs far better than managers expect such as: †¢ This model prepares managers and employees for solving motivation problems by getting them to think about these issues before they meet. †¢ This model promotes effective change by clarifying expectations, uncovering hidden agendas, and managing emotions before they escalate. †¢ This model relies on the cooperation and involvement of the one person who knows most about the problem and what may be causing it: the employee. (Caruth, 2001) By gently forcing an accurate diagnosis of problems and their causes, the belief system model increases the prospects of finding good solutions to performance shortfalls. After all, it takes information to solve problems, and the goal of the belief system model is to uncover critical information about performance and motivation and to guide managers and employees in applying it productively. The model works to generate an environment in which managers and employees divide the responsibility for solving performance problems, and it fosters the kind of communication that helps managers maintain the critical preconditions for employee motivation: confidence in their ability to meet performance expectations, trust in others to tie outcomes to performance, and satisfaction with their job and the outcomes that they receive. Works Cited Butkus T. Raymond, Thad B.Green, (1999), Motivation, Beliefs and Organisational Transformation. Quorum Books. Westport, CT. Cameron Judy, Pierce W. David, (2002), Pay and Motivation: Resolving the Controversy. Bergin & Garvey. Westport, CT. Caruth L. Donald, Handlogten D. Gail, (2001), Managing Compensation (And Understanding It Too): A Handbook for the Perplexed, Quorum Books. Gorman Phil, (2003), Motivation and Emotion. Routledge. New York. Hanlan Marc, (2004), High Performance Teams: How to Make Them Work, Praeger. London Manuel, (2003), Job Feedback: Giving, Seeking, and Using Feedback for Performance Improvement, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mele R. Alfred, (2003), Motivation and Agency, Oxford University Press. Miner B. John, (2002), Organisational Behaviour: Foundations, Theories, and Analyses, Oxford University Press. Thomas Neil, (2004), The Concise Adair on Teambuilding and Motivation, Thorogood. White Geoff, Druker Janet, (2000), Reward Management: A Critical Text, Routledge. New York.

What is Crime?

The Oxford English dictionary defines crime as â€Å"an act punishable by law, as being forbidden by statute or injurious to the public welfare, an evil act; an offence, a sin, -an act can only be considered a crime when identified as such by law. An act was defined a crime in the old testament with the creation of the Ten Commandments. This was when it was literally set into stone that numerous acts became a crime against God, the first rules of the world.Crimes are now defined as crimes with the help of the legal system and certain pieces of legislature and cannot always necessarily be traced back to the Ten Commandments. Crime now has abundant definitions, the most obvious being crime as criminal law violation. The Hg Worldwide Legal Directories website delineates criminal law as encompassing, ‘the rules and statutes written by Congress and state legislators dealing with any criminal activity that causes harm to the general public, with penalties.’ Therefore to viola te criminal law, the individual would be engaging in behaviour that is prohibited by the criminal law. However it has recently become extremely difficult to determine what is now perceived as a crime.Crime has no universal or objective existence but is relative to the subjective contingencies of social and historical circumstance, this is crime as historical intervention. For example, causing death of another individual, whether by neglect or with full intention is a crime, however it is almost justifiable and on many occasions heroic when practised in warfare. This is reiterated with the recent poaching ban, poaching only became criminalised through the convergence of new class and power interests in the 18th Century. James Treadwell argues this point as a criminologist and indicates that specific acts that were once socially acceptable are now becoming criminalised, ‘crime is not static or fixed, it constantly changes.Things that once were not criminalised become so, such as paedophiles ‘grooming’ victims on the internet. . .similarly, activities, which were illegal, may become legal, such as consenting homosexual behaviour between men’. These arguments make it hard to define what crime is as the ‘rules’ of crime are ever-changing. The BBC published an online article that illustrates the extent to which crime is uneasily defined, ‘a hundred years ago you could buy opium and cocaine over the counter at Harrods. Acts which are perfectly legal here may be serious crimes in other countries and vice versa.’ To help us understand what makes a crime a crime, Cesare Lombroso, an Italian criminologist introduced to the idea of positivism, the social reaction to classicism.Classicism is the theory that the punishment for a crime should reflect the severity of said crime. This concept was developed during the transition from feudalism to capitalism and is a strong believer that each individual chooses whether to commi t a crime or not as every person is raised in society that outlines the difference between right and wrong. The criticism for this concept is argued that at what age do you become criminally responsible, for example the horrific act of the two young boys that committed a severe crime when kidnapping and torturing Jamie Bulger.The boys were eleven at the time, therefore as children they unfortunately served half the period of time that an adult would have if they had committed this crime due to the legal system believing they were not fully responsible as they had been raised in broken homes. The contrasting theory to this is that of Positivism, the scientific approach to crime. This concept developed by Lombroso attempts to look at the genetic or biological explanation for a criminal gene. This concept is harshly criticised as many members of the public deem this as treating criminality as an illness.Lombroso published a book in which he makes sever references to the concept of posi tivism and argues that people are wrong to fear that, ‘positivism encourages communistic ideas and even worse criminal behaviour’. This became the birth of criminology. Treadwell discusses Lombroso’s work and informs us that his work is still being studied to the modern day, ‘Lombroso’s work could be placed under the heading of biological criminology, investigations of the causes of criminality using more sophisticated research methods. . .have continued to be developed in the twentieth century’.Tim Newburn wrote that Edwin Sutherland defined criminology as, ‘the study of the making of laws, the breaking of laws, and of society’s reaction to the breaking of laws’. Crime can also be defined as social harm. For example, we ask the question are tobacco companies selling harmful products that are in turn, effectively killing us, murderers. Is this a crime? This is known as the crime of violation to human rights, therefore a fur ther definition could be health and safety issues in the workplace. This is reiterated when we discuss ‘white collar crime’.We struggle to define crime as crime is an act  that breaches the criminal law, however many of the people we put in charge of running our countries or deciding these criminal laws are in fact themselves committing crimes. If this is so, why are these crimes socially acceptable? The offences of these crimes tend to be ‘invisible’ or painfully difficult to trace. They are often committed by persons of high social status and respectability therefore they find it easier to evade persecution. ‘White collar crime’ is often broken down into, embezzlement, breaches of health and safety and environmental crimes. Bhopal was identified as one of the worst industrial ‘accidents’ this world had witnessed.The 1984 incident that killed 8000 people instantly and injuring a further 200’000 was believed an accident du e to the lethal gases leaking from Union Carbide’s pesticide factory. For 20 years after this tragedy, an estimated 30 people a month were believed to have died from lung disease, brain damage, cancer, all linking to the gas leak of 1984. This accident was contested in court yet the people involved have yet to receive a settlement fee and not one person was held responsible for this mass homicide. Newburn records Bhopal as a crime and a ‘major industrial disaster’ in his book as he files it under the heading, ‘environmental crime’. This helps us to define crime as a class issue due to crimes of the powerful having greater potential to cause more harm than crimes of the less powerful.Newburn furthermore analyses hidden crimes within criminology, ‘Criminology has been regularly, roundly and rightly criticised for this preoccupation: a concern with the crimes of the powerless rather than the powerful, with the ‘crimes of the streets’ rather than the ‘crimes of the suites’. The Marxist concept of this is crime as an ideological censure, that acts would only be defined a crime when in the interest of the ruling classes at that period of time. These crimes remain hidden for various reasons. The diffusion of responsibility means that is extremely difficult to legally and morally identify a persecutor, secondly a lot of the crimes the general public hear about are in the media and corporate crime simply does not sell. Media coverage creates moral panic and fear of ‘crime’.To define crime we often look to the media to decipher their reaction on a specific incident. However, although crime consumes an enormous amount of media space as both entertainment and news, concepts of crime are mediated by profit margins. Due to only crimes that are considered to grasp the attention of the general  public being reported, this effects what we as an individual define as a crime. Treadwell argues that, à ¢â‚¬Ëœmost media institutions seek to attract as wide an audience as possible to maximise their profits. . .to attract and retain audiences media products have to entertain, be dramatic or exciting, and sometimes cause outright shock’. Therefore as crime is seemingly a troubling aspect of our life this would seem the most appropriate topic to cover.Treadwell labels this concept, ‘newsworthiness’. He goes on to discuss that, ‘Today, crime stories are increasingly selected and ‘produced as media events on the basis of their visual . . . as well as their lexical-verbal . . . potential’. There is a vivid and highly complex relationship between the media and the criminal justice system. A further more obvious way in which we can define crime is by the Home Office statistics. The Home Office websites defines themselves as, ‘the lead government department for immigration and passports, drugs policy, crime, counter-terrorism and police’. T he two main methods of collecting the criminal data that feature in the Home Office are victim surveys and statistics recorded by the police force. However, only particular offences, ‘serious crimes’ are reported by the police to the Home Office statistics, not the summary offences that are heard in the Courts.Police are also under the instruction to record every allegation they hear and many police officers do not believe a number of allegations or there may be a lack of evidence and many times the victims decide to not press charges therefore they see it unfit to record it as a ‘crime’. Furthermore a crime is only a crime when ‘officially’ recorded and since most victims do not report crimes there is a ‘dark figure’ of crime that remains unknown. The reasons to why victims fail to report their crimes can be broken down into three categories: embarrassment, unworthiness and failure to realise. If a victim has been sexually abused or raped they may fail to report this as they may be overwhelmed with a feeling of embarrassment or in certain religious cultures it may bring shame upon a family.Some victims also feel the nature of their crime isn’t worthy of police time, such as rowdy neighbours or petty theft. Finally, if a person is a victim of identity theft, nine times out of ten they fail to realise and therefore have nothing to report. In conclusion, a crime only seemingly exists when society perceive it as a crime or a great reaction to an act therefore labels it as one. An act is  often acceptable until labelled as morally wrong by a social group.At some time or another, some society somewhere has defined almost all forms of behaviour that we now call ‘criminal’ as desirable for the functioning of that society, (Williams (1964:46)), this would be crime as a violation of moral codes. In the BBC article written by Mark Easton, he reiterates that, ‘one cultures crime is another cu ltures social norm’. This concept is crime as a social construct. In 1963 Becker created the ‘Labelling Theory’ which illustrated that crime is dependent upon social reaction and that the societal consensus is regularly challenged.At the beginning of my essay I provided the Oxford dictionary definition for crime and after studying the wide range of criminal concepts I have reached the conclusion that there is no right or wrong answer to define crime. The dictionary defines crime as punishable by law yet also defines crime as a sin. A person will be prosecuted for an act that does not abide by the legislation set up by the criminal justice system, however an individual may go to church to repent a sin that is only deemed as a crime within their religious culture.Crime will forever be surrounded by questions of social order, it will always be contested and people will always wonder how it can be perceived due to the fact that society’s vision of crime change s with the growth and development of society. Crime is elusive, contested and an ever moving concept that is tied to our social processes.

10 Facts for Dissertation on Microbiology

10 Facts for Dissertation on Microbiology Welcome to our first guide on writing a dissertation on microbiology. This is one of the three guides that will help you along as you compose your dissertation paper. Reading all of these guides would make your dissertation, just the way it should be. Here is what you will learn from each of these guides: In our first guide we discuss substantial facts on microbiology that you’ll be using in your dissertation paper. These facts would make it clear for you to choose a topic/subject that suits you the best. We have also mentioned references for you to double check facts and find more information on a specific topic in case you need more details. In our second guide, 20 dissertation topics of microbiology, you will learn 20 relevant topics that you can choose from and start writing right away. These topics correlate with the facts you’ll read in our first guide – making it a lot easier for you to write your dissertation quickly. We have also included a short sample essay on how a dissertation should be written which will help you understand the basic essay writing concept. In our third and last guide, how to write a good dissertation on microbiology, we will discuss the methodologies, structures and some tips on how you can make your dissertation paper better. This guide is crucial to read. By reading this guide, you can easily compel your professor to admire your hard work. Without further ado, let’s give the word to the facts: The study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, is known as microbiology. It also includes the study of various fundamental responses and clinical aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, ecology, physiology, evolution, and microorganisms. In simple words, anything that is cellular and is found in a micro-scale is a part of microbiology. Microbiology plays an important role in the development and research of the following areas: medicine, agriculture, fundamental research, genetic engineering, environmental science, pharmaceutical industry and food and drink production. It has also played a significant role in the development of modern medicines including life-saving drugs, which help to fight diseases. Microorganisms were generally known to be dangerous. But it was found out later, thanks to microbiology, that only a particular kind of microorganisms, called pathogens, are dangerous because of the ability to cause health issues. In fact, studies have found out that only a few hundreds of microorganisms (out of half a million) are infectious and can cause diseases. This information has changed the perception of microbiologists and the way we see microbiology today. The microscope, a device used to study microorganisms, is said to be invented in the 1590s, however, there is no reliable information on when exactly it was created and by whom. However, historians firmly believe the inventor to be Hans Lippershey, though there seems to be contradictions on this opinion. Nonetheless, there is a physical evidence (a letter) that shows that Zacharias Janssen (son of Lippershey) was also involved in inventing binoculars, microscopes and other related instruments. Did you know that human skin houses trillions of billions of bacteria on it, which our naked eye is unable to see? The study suggests that a square centimeter of our skin is covered by 100,000 bacteria. The majority of those bacterias are critical for our existence. In the year 2000, a group of scientists revealed that they had revived 250-million-year-old bacteria spores. This bacteria were found deep in the Earth, encased in salt crystals. The bacteria were actually in a suspended motion, which scientists are researching right now. This research can lead to many dramatic revelations concerning microorganisms. According to a theory, if 10-12 grams of a single bacterium is allowed to generate within 20 minutes again and again, in two days, it would grow so much that its weight would be 4000 times heavier than Earth’s. As of 2016, there are three kinds of bacteria that can be seen with the naked eye. These are thiomargarita namibiensis, epulopiscium fishelsoni, and beef tapeworm (the largest parasite). These are considered to be the largest single living bacteria. Out of them, thiomargarita namibiensis survives in the depth of ocean. Beef/pork tapeworm aka taenia saginata, is an infectious parasite living in beef and pork. The tapeworm can easily be transmitted to humans if the flesh is undercooked, and isn’t cleansed properly before cooking. This parasite can live up to 30 years in the gut, and can grow as long as 25 feet. Studies have shown no severe side-effects of this parasite living in our body, but in some cases it may lead to a nerve-disorder, known as neurocysticercosis. These cases have only been developed by the pork tapeworm, which is why many doctors are now suggesting not to use pork or to cook it appropriately before consuming it. When micro-creatures were first discovered through the eyes of microscope, they were considered to be created by non-living matter. This theory was known as spontaneous generation, which Charles Darwin spoke of in his theory of evolution. However, the theory was disapproved when Louis Pasteur, a renowned and famous figure in microbiology, discovered yeast production in alcohol. There you have it! We’re sure that these 10 facts will surely be helpful in writing down a stellar dissertation paper on microbiology. You can take a look at the references, mentioned below, which may save your research-time drastically. References: Dr. T. Sundararaj, (2004), â€Å"MICROBIOLOGY, Higher Secondary – First Year† Tamil Nadu Text Book Corporation – Government of Tamilnadu – First Edition.  textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/books/11/std11-microbio-em.pdf Geo F. Brooks, Karen C. Carroll, Janet S. Butel, Stephen A. Morse, Timothy A. Mietzner, (2013) â€Å"Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology† – Twenty Sixth Edition – a LANGE medical book by The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.  http://microbiology.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/jawetz_2013__medical_miceobiology.pdf Stuart Hogg, (2005) â€Å"Essential Microbiology† The University of Glamorgan, UK – John Wiley and Sons, LTD. Alliance, (2012) â€Å"General Microbiology Fact Sheet† absa.org Microbiology. Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. Retrieved December 21, 2016 from Encyclopedia.com â€Å"Human Tapeworms Facts† Buzzle.com  buzzle.com/articles/human-tapeworm-facts.html Lauren Cox, (2013), â€Å"Who Invented the Microscope?† Livescience  livescience.com/39649-who-invented-the-microscope.html

AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa and in San Francisco

Key Drivers of HIV/AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa and in San Francisco Introduction HIV/AIDS continues to be a leading cause of alarm globally. New infections and deaths due to HIV/AIDS related complications are major issues that need to be dealt with urgently. It is particularly alarming in the sub-Saharan Africa where an average of 10% HIV prevalence in adults has been recorded. This is very high compared to the global average of 1%. The Southern Africa region accounts for about 40% of the global population living with HIV.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Key Drivers of HIV/AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa and in San Francisco specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the female gender is more affected by the pandemic with women and girls accounting for about 60% of this population. Although the records indicate optimistic results, there is still need to enhance the campaign. In San Francisco, the new infections and death tolls may be on a down slope but the marginalized groups are still at a risk and this needs to be addressed. In this paper the key drivers of HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa and San Francisco will be discussed. HIV/AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa The extent of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the region can be attributed to such things as; Sexual behavior-many men and women in the region have different sex partners concurrently; these may be in cases of polygamy, small houses (side partners apart from spouse) and prostitution. Many of them do not use condoms consistently meaning that safe sex practice has not been cultivated in them (Jana et al, 13-16). Secondly, male circumcision is practiced in very low levels and as we know, male circumcision is a major boost in the prevention efforts so lack of it is on the contrary. A third driver is the stigma associated with infection. This lack of acceptance by the individual and the community forces an infected person to keep their status secret which leads to further spread of the virus. In some cases some people d o not want to know their status for fear of stigmatization and this brings down the efforts of treating the infected persons. Also many sexually transmitted infections go untreated mainly due to this fear and they are a factor that encourages HIV infection. Male attitudes towards gender related issues such as reproductive health is also another contributing factor. Men do not involve themselves in such issues and therefore many of them lack the knowledge to curb the pandemic. They involve themselves in intergenerational sex, gender based violence and sexual violence. This means that the women and girls are the major victims of the men’s ignorance hence the high number of infections in females (Expert Think Tank Meeting on HIV Prevention in High-Prevalence Countries in Southern Africa 5-7). HIV/AIDS in San Francisco In San Francisco, the efforts of prevention and treatment have born fruits since the number of new infections and HIV/AIDs related deaths is on a downward trend. T he reduction in these numbers can be highly attributed to the change of sexual behavior in heterosexual men and women and non-injecting drug users.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cases of new infections in these groups of people are very rare. However, there are still other driving forces in the spread of the disease and these include; Homosexual behavior; men who have sexual relationships with other men are at a major risk of infection. Transfemales are also another group of people who are on the higher side of the risk and hence their behavior is a key driver for the epidemic. Injection drug use is another major driving force. HIV transmission among this group of people is very likely and so the risk of new infections is unacceptably high. Disparities and unequal treatment for different groups of people may have been a major drawback on the efforts but it is now on the downward slope. This is as a result of the efforts by different care groups to involve representation of all the communities; including the marginalized groups, in the decision making process (San Francisco HIV Prevention Plan 1). Comparison between the key Drivers in the two regions The driving forces in these two regions are very different since they are driven by the people’s lifestyles which in these cases are worlds apart. As a comparison of the key drivers in these regions, we look at the drivers the way they affect the efforts made to eradicate the disease. As we have seen in the discussion earlier, the major driving forces in the sub Saharan Africa can be attributed to the regions position in terms of development. Most countries in the region are developing countries; and factors such as gender and sexual violence, poverty which leads to intergenerational sex and prostitution especially in women are inherent in these countries. This makes the prevention and treatment processes very hard since some people are driven to the wall by circumstances; meaning that they may be willing to change their ways but the situations they are in cannot allow that. In San Francisco however, the major driving force is the sexual orientation of individuals as well as drug and substance abuse. These can not be attributed to under development, therefore, the efforts to curb the epidemic can only be strengthened by the people’s willingness to change their ways. If the high risk groups of people are willing, they can put in their efforts; for instance, the gay community can accept to learn and use preventive measures, the drug users can accept rehabilitation plans or in extreme cases they should take precautions in their sharing.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Key Drivers of HIV/AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa and in San Francisco specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Response o f the Church to the Key Drivers of HIV/AIDS The church has made a lot of efforts in the fight against HIV/AIDs; However, this has not prevented the spread of the disease. This continued deterioration can be attributed to the churches ethical, liturgical and ministerial practices. These have encouraged the spread of the disease both passively and actively. These factors include the lack of an open, realistic way of involvement due to the shyness in addressing sex education and sexuality issues which are involved in prevention of HIV spread. Exclusion, theological interpretation of scriptures and definition of sin have contributed to increase stigmatization and suffering. A plan has been put forward to add an ecumenical dimension to the church’s effort and if implemented, it is bound to yield better results (Global consultation on the ecumenical response to the challenge of HIV/AIDS in Africa 9) In the US, the church’s involvement is mainly through faith based organizati ons. These have continually offered support to the infected and affected in terms of medical care, food supplies, cancelling and the general support needed morally and spiritually. They have also offered care to the care givers and education to the communities on the risk factors and prevention services. The government has since supported these organizations through federal funding. Laws have also been put down to prevent discrimination against such organization, the beneficiary or volunteer on the basis of religion. Also, it ensures that nobody should be forced to get involved in any religious activity involuntarily. These partnerships ensure that the church’s efforts are delivered painlessly and the beneficiaries are satisfied. Conclusion From these findings, we can conclude that the spread of HIV is highly dependent on a people’s lifestyle. This covers the level of development, the cultural beliefs and religious beliefs. The Church and the various arms of government can play a major role in the effort to curb the pandemic especially when they work together. Expert Think Tank Meeting on HIV Prevention in High-Prevalence Countries in Southern Africa. SADC 2006: 5-10. Web. â€Å"Global consultation on the ecumenical response to the challenge of HIV/AIDS in Africa.† The Ecumenical Response to HIV/AIDS in Africa 2001: Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jana Mere, Nkambule Paul and Tumbo D; One Love: Multiple and concurrent Sexual Partnerships in Southern Africa: A Ten Country Research Report. 2008:13-36 Web. â€Å"San Francisco HIV Prevention Plan.† San Francisco HIV Prevention Planning Council 2010: 1-3. Web.

Abstract Art

Abstract Art Essay Abstract Expressionism is the form of art that has developed after the most difficult periods in human history. This period began during the great depression in the 1930s and ended with the end of World War II in 1945. All of this brought about a worldwide examination of basic human values and ethics and a period of dramatic change in art. Abstract Expressionism is the name given to a group of American artists who would gain international attention during the 1950s. As a result from the Second World War, many of the great European artists in which they found themselves expelled to New York. The result of this advancement to the American art was the post-war international authority that had to the Abstract Expressionists, and the movement that would be the centre for the art world that progressed from Europe to New York. Even though the Great Depression and World War II were great disasters, these events were important in forcing a number of the European artists to flee Europe for the safety of the United States, where they influenced many younger American artists. It was difficult to know exactly how much of this migration would affect American art, but in part of its impact, would be for the first time in which American artists would become internationally recognized for their new vision and a new artistic vocabulary, in which would be known as Abstract Expressionism. Even though abstract expressionism is the movement in painting that has emerged in New York City in the mid-1940s and has reached fame in American art for the following decade. With the given impulsion from the work of Arshile Gorky, abstract expressionism would be marked by the attention that would surface qualities, like brushstroke and texture. Some of the major artists that were included in this movement would include: Jackson Pollock, Willem De Kooning, Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, Franz Kline, and Mark Rothko. Abstract Expressionism was primarily concerned with the spontaneous declaration of the individual through the act of painting. The movement would contain lots of variety for styles in which they would be characterized more by the concepts that would be behind the art than by a specific look. Generally, abstract art would be without recognizable images and wouldnt adhere to the limits of predictable form. The roots of abstract expressionism would be in the nonfigurative work from the Russian-born painter Wassily Kandinsky and surrealists, who would deliberately use the subconscious and spontaneity in creative activity. The American painters that would be influenced by the subjective abstractions from the Armenian-born painter Arshile Gorky, who had immigrated to the United States in 1920, who in which he stressed the dynamic interaction of colored planes. The abstract expressionism movement would be centered in New York City. Even though the styles would have embraced within the abstract expressionism that was as diverse as the styles from the painters themselves; there were two major tendencies that were noted in the movement. Abstract painters were concerned with the paint texture and consistency that was worked with the gestures from the artist and while the painters would be giving their impact on their work by using unified color and shape. Abstract art would also be flourished in Europe especially because it is where it was influenced by French painters such as: Nicolas de Sta? Â «l, Pierre Soulages, and Jean Dubuffet. The European abstract expressionists were emphasized by the patches of color, and the art informal, in which it was a rejected formal structure, that had especially close resemblance with New York painting. Abstract Expressionism would be classified by two basic categories: the gestural Abstract Expressionists, who are interested in brushstrokes and drips of paint; and the colour field Abstract Expressionists, in which they create large canvases of color, in the mark of the brush that is not important. READ: Art Appreciation Ch. 4.3Basically, the individual artists that got to be involved with Abstract Expressionism would be that they all shared ideas about the nature of art, seeing it as an expression of the artists self, or of the basic creative urge that all humans share. Since one of the important developments that would be associated with the colour field of Abstract Expressionists would be the creation of a 20th century sublime. Traditionally, the sublime would be a piece from the 19th century art, in which it was the power of nature would be revealed by the character of God. Artists began to express their feelings and thoughts in abstract form. However, the difference here would be that they are expressing these abstract ideas and feelings within their energy that had never been seen before as they tried to find a way of putting their excitement, inner feelings and even torment into a concrete form. The Abstract Expressionists were thought as a group that shared a common experience, however, as individuals they did not think of themselves as a group with common ideals. The similarities that were between the artists was that they all wanted to use their personal intuition in order to make something new and distinctively American, yet commonly valid and unprovincial. Within The Abstract Expressionist Movement, there were different groups of artists that had a particular style. The emergence of the Abstract Expressionist in America had a profound effect on the rest of the art world, because it was relocated to the center of the art. Many factors caused America to be the new center of Creativity. Political and economical causes such as the Great Depression and world war II, as well as former artistic genres such as Surrealism, Social Realism, and primitive American art influenced the Abstract Expressionist new style.

Critical Evaluation of Descartes Principle of Proofs of Existence of Essay - 94

Critical Evaluation of Descartes Principle of Proofs of Existence of God - Essay Example Descartes studies about God were to show that God is not a deceiver, and he aims to bring a clear perception in our minds. In his ontological arguments, Descartes gives two arguments about the existence of God. He sets to prove the existence of God in these two arguments. In his first argument, Descartes states that God is a perfect being and that to exist than not to exist is the perfect thing and God must therefore exist. These were properly based on his early dreams and he set out to document them. The Descartes second argument is the most complex of the two. In his publications, he distinctively sets out two forms of reality. In believing that his thoughts were innate, Descartes thought that his perceptions and the way he sees God should not be objected. He points out that God is an infinite being and that reality come in the forms of infinite, modal and finite. Descartes sees God as existing in infinite reality. He further asserts that all substances by virtue of their existence posses’ finite formal reality and that all ideas that occur in any phase of thought posses the modal form of reality. Ideas, as he puts that have a form of reality which, when they are put in relation to the objects that they represent must have an objective form of reality. He further points out that these objective realities are of three forms, which mirror the formal realities dependent on the amount of reality contained in the object that those ideas represent. Basing his ideas on objective reality, Descartes argues using his inner reasoning that God is an objective finite being. He further bases his ideas on inner logical thoughts to state that something can come from nothing. On this basis, Descartes arrived at two major principles: One of the attacks on the philosophy of Descartes about God concerns the use of God in order to justify distinctions in his idea of perceptions.

Network Organization, Addressing, and Routing Protocols Research Paper

Network Organization, Addressing, and Routing Protocols - Research Paper Example The database maintaining a routing table develops a shortest path tree. The routes are than calculated the routes while minimizing the use of bandwidth ("Open Shortest Path First." 353-353). However, for a successful OSPF deployment, defining are boundaries and address assignment is essential. (Thomas 800) if all these domains are addressed adequately, the output will make all the difference. These domains are categorized in six different sections illustrated below: OSPF Network Topology OSPF Addressing and Route Summarization OSPF Route Selection OSPF Convergence OSPF Network Scalability OSPF Security In order to achieve the desired objectives, OSPF will ensure data redundancy over the network. Routers without OSPF enabled configuration will only be able to efficiently communicate routing information with other routers and do not provide redundancy, minimum network utilization and identification of the shortest path (Moy 339). However, there are some considerations that must be take n in to account for implementing network redundancy in OSPF. In order to implement a redundant network with OSPF there must be a backbone line. Moreover, the size of the backbone link must be appropriate, as every router located on the backbone requires reconfiguration for the routes whenever every state of the link changes. On the other hand, if the size of the backbone is small, the likelihood for change is minimized along with the quantity of CPU cycles that is required to re configure routes. Furthermore, OSPF backbone must be synchronized and all the routers should be directly connected (Moy 339). As OSPF comprises of virtual links, they establish a path between two border routers that are not directly terminated on the backbone link. Likewise, these virtual links are utilized for reconciling segregated backbone. Lastly, locating workstations, servers or shared network resources on the backbone are not a suitable option, as their absence makes the environment more stable and ea sy. On the other hand, OSPF enabled routers will ensure shortest path for transmitting data in time and with few hops. Moreover, routing loops can be considered as an alternative to OSPF but have certain drawbacks. For instance, data collision can be unexpected and unmanageable within the network. Therefore, OSPF is recommended for data redundancy along with eliminating traffic bottlenecks that may occur (Moy 339). The newly established IP version 6 protocol integration with OSPF facilitates for achieving the desired outcomes from the network. Moreover, OSPF is considered as an adaptive routing technique that synchronizes with business networks via Internet Protocol and provides link state routing. This algorithm is beneficial for business networks because large amount of data is exchanged with high redundancy and efficiency. The ultimate benefit for deploying link state routing is the cost, as it is considered as a cost effective solution (Moy 339). OSPF adoption provides an infras tructure for interior gateway that is beneficial for minimizing for excluding erroneous routing tables, minimizing memory usage and limits the usability on processors that are involved in the process. For satisfying the appetite of bandwidth hungry applications, advanced network protocols are essential to maintain even a network for small medium enterprises. Apart from its benefits to business networks,

Cleland Wildlife Park and park values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cleland Wildlife Park and park values - Essay Example his brief essay, this student will discuss and analyze the case of Cleland wildlife Park; located in southern Australia and visited by this author and friends on May 20th, 2014. Comprising fully 10 square kilometres of land in near Adelaide Australia, this particular natural area houses nearly all of the indigenous and well known species of wildlife indigenous to this particular region of Australia (SouthAustralia, 2014). Furthermore, the following analysis will provide a joint discussion; concentric upon the experience that this student had at the wildlife park in question alongside a discussion and analysis of the importance and relevance that parks and natural areas such as this play within the broader economic, environmental, educational, and tourism/recreation goals that society has. It is the further hope of this particular student that through engaging in a broader understanding of these metrics, the reader can come to appreciate how integral parks such as Cleland are within t he current society. Firstly, and perhaps most obviously, parks such as Cleland allow the wildlife within its borders to be protected from the dangers/hazards that might exist for them in an unprotected area. Although it is true that hunting and other such activities are heavily regulated within Australia, the danger posed by vehicles and human expansion into habitat and territory of this wildlife is something that natural areas of protect against. Furthermore, by designating a specific result in which wildlife can exist in its natural form, without the hazards of human interference, and beneficial sanctuaries created in which an unadulterated ecosystem can survive and thrive. Moreover, as the animals within the natural area are reduced from human dependence, the way in which they exhibit natural behaviors of interacting with their ecosystems maximized; once again promoting a more instinctual level of development that could otherwise exist in a situation in which such parks were not

Small Business Advise and Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Small Business Advise and Discussion - Essay Example These ground works includes the following: 1. Proper Market Study: Analyzing the attractiveness of the industry, demand and supply analysis, customer, competitor analysis, SWOT analysis of the company, capital budgeting and financial planning for the business will help the business owner to understand all the small and big issues involved in the particular business. The target market should be identified and segmented. The small business owners face problems in raising the capital due to various reasons. These reasons can be risk, credibility of the business owner, market value of the projects, expected growth of the project or the business, customer base, business know-how of the owners, qualifications, experience and backup to support any kind of financial crisis. There are various alternative sources of finance available for the small investors. These are Boot Strap, Angel, Initial Public offering and private placement.1 In the Boot Strap funding the funds are raised with family, friends and others. In the case of Angel the investment is done by wealthy individuals. Private placements are done through banks and various other investments companies. Companies also access to the market through IPO to raise the capital. Boot Strap is a funding option available for all kind of business. Most of the companies start up with the investments like this. These kind of investments which are done with the h elp of various close circle members like family, friends, colleagues and sometimes good customers help small business owners for their initial stages of developments. Small business owners can effectively utilize these investments. The results produced like profitability, increased market value, customer base and demand of the products can attract investors for the further investments. These can be new investors, banks and other potential investors. This can help the small business owners to raise the funds in the expansion and growth phases of the

Google and Microsoft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Google and Microsoft - Essay Example   Microsoft was founded in 1975 and is headquartered in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft is a leader in operating systems and Microsoft windows is its star product. Furthermore, office application such as Microsoft Office is also one of the key products of Microsoft. Microsoft develops licenses and supports various software products and services for computing devices all over the world. Leading products include PC operating systems that primarily include Windows 7. Microsoft also provides online solutions to its customers through Bing and MSN portals. Microsoft recently acquired ‘Skype’ and serves as one of its major product. Microsoft is also present in the entertainment industry through its product named Xbox 360. Organizational Culture Google Inc has a normal hierarchical structure and important decisions are taken by the upper management. Dissent and difference of opinion is encouraged and decisions are made in front of everybody. Google encourages its workers to fol low their instincts so that they can come up with creative ideas that help in innovation and product development. Although, Google is not lead by a charismatic leader such as Bill Gates, the vision of the company is well defined and the employees strive towards accomplishing the goals that are given to them. Microsoft strives to make the workplace as comfortable for the employees as they can. Microsoft has a clearly defined vision and the employees stick to the vision and mission of the overall organization. Microsoft is lead by a charismatic leader in the form of Bill Gates. Bill Gates knows that in order to move forward, he can leave no man behind. In order to ensure this, he has a clear vision not only in his mind but he also makes certain to pass it on to his employees. He sets clear standards about his expectation from the employees which is pursued passionately by the employees. By saying inspiring expressions like, every house and business must run on Microsoft software, or a computer on every desktop, he provides an unambiguous picture to his employees of exactly what is expected of them. This helps clear misconceptions and misunderstandings and provides refreshing clarity to employees. He has set a standard for them, they can easily envision it and therefore achieving it becomes easier (Grist, 2007) Google has always introduced new and innovative products. Employees are encouraged to provide Creative and innovative ideas. The concept of search engine, videos sharing, advertisements on blogs etc. are all examples of the innovations Google has introduced over the years. Ratio Analysis: Microsoft also has an impeccable track record in introducing innovative products and services. Microsoft Windows and Office are examples of introducing innovative products in the market that match the customer’s needs and demands. Google Inc. has a better current ratio of 4.2 times as compared to the current ratio of Microsoft. Hence, Google’s ability to rep ay its short term obligations is better than Microsoft’s (Brigham & Houston, 2012). However, Microsoft earns a far better return on its assets and equity than Google. The higher current ratio indicates that Google has excess short term assets available and hence is better positioned to withstand a recession. Microsoft has been more profitable than Google as indicated by the higher return on assets and return on equity figure of Microsoft. Microsoft earned 41% return on the total equity as compared to the

Cleland Wildlife Park and park values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cleland Wildlife Park and park values - Essay Example his brief essay, this student will discuss and analyze the case of Cleland wildlife Park; located in southern Australia and visited by this author and friends on May 20th, 2014. Comprising fully 10 square kilometres of land in near Adelaide Australia, this particular natural area houses nearly all of the indigenous and well known species of wildlife indigenous to this particular region of Australia (SouthAustralia, 2014). Furthermore, the following analysis will provide a joint discussion; concentric upon the experience that this student had at the wildlife park in question alongside a discussion and analysis of the importance and relevance that parks and natural areas such as this play within the broader economic, environmental, educational, and tourism/recreation goals that society has. It is the further hope of this particular student that through engaging in a broader understanding of these metrics, the reader can come to appreciate how integral parks such as Cleland are within t he current society. Firstly, and perhaps most obviously, parks such as Cleland allow the wildlife within its borders to be protected from the dangers/hazards that might exist for them in an unprotected area. Although it is true that hunting and other such activities are heavily regulated within Australia, the danger posed by vehicles and human expansion into habitat and territory of this wildlife is something that natural areas of protect against. Furthermore, by designating a specific result in which wildlife can exist in its natural form, without the hazards of human interference, and beneficial sanctuaries created in which an unadulterated ecosystem can survive and thrive. Moreover, as the animals within the natural area are reduced from human dependence, the way in which they exhibit natural behaviors of interacting with their ecosystems maximized; once again promoting a more instinctual level of development that could otherwise exist in a situation in which such parks were not

Google and Microsoft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Google and Microsoft - Essay Example   Microsoft was founded in 1975 and is headquartered in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft is a leader in operating systems and Microsoft windows is its star product. Furthermore, office application such as Microsoft Office is also one of the key products of Microsoft. Microsoft develops licenses and supports various software products and services for computing devices all over the world. Leading products include PC operating systems that primarily include Windows 7. Microsoft also provides online solutions to its customers through Bing and MSN portals. Microsoft recently acquired ‘Skype’ and serves as one of its major product. Microsoft is also present in the entertainment industry through its product named Xbox 360. Organizational Culture Google Inc has a normal hierarchical structure and important decisions are taken by the upper management. Dissent and difference of opinion is encouraged and decisions are made in front of everybody. Google encourages its workers to fol low their instincts so that they can come up with creative ideas that help in innovation and product development. Although, Google is not lead by a charismatic leader such as Bill Gates, the vision of the company is well defined and the employees strive towards accomplishing the goals that are given to them. Microsoft strives to make the workplace as comfortable for the employees as they can. Microsoft has a clearly defined vision and the employees stick to the vision and mission of the overall organization. Microsoft is lead by a charismatic leader in the form of Bill Gates. Bill Gates knows that in order to move forward, he can leave no man behind. In order to ensure this, he has a clear vision not only in his mind but he also makes certain to pass it on to his employees. He sets clear standards about his expectation from the employees which is pursued passionately by the employees. By saying inspiring expressions like, every house and business must run on Microsoft software, or a computer on every desktop, he provides an unambiguous picture to his employees of exactly what is expected of them. This helps clear misconceptions and misunderstandings and provides refreshing clarity to employees. He has set a standard for them, they can easily envision it and therefore achieving it becomes easier (Grist, 2007) Google has always introduced new and innovative products. Employees are encouraged to provide Creative and innovative ideas. The concept of search engine, videos sharing, advertisements on blogs etc. are all examples of the innovations Google has introduced over the years. Ratio Analysis: Microsoft also has an impeccable track record in introducing innovative products and services. Microsoft Windows and Office are examples of introducing innovative products in the market that match the customer’s needs and demands. Google Inc. has a better current ratio of 4.2 times as compared to the current ratio of Microsoft. Hence, Google’s ability to rep ay its short term obligations is better than Microsoft’s (Brigham & Houston, 2012). However, Microsoft earns a far better return on its assets and equity than Google. The higher current ratio indicates that Google has excess short term assets available and hence is better positioned to withstand a recession. Microsoft has been more profitable than Google as indicated by the higher return on assets and return on equity figure of Microsoft. Microsoft earned 41% return on the total equity as compared to the

The reforms made during the reign of terror helped france. Essay Example for Free

The reforms made during the reign of terror helped france. Essay Maximilien Franpis Marie Isidore Robespierre (PA: [ma. ksi. mi. lJE fBd. swa ma. Bi i. zi. d0B da BO. bES. pJEB]; 6 May 1758 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club Oacobin leader during the Reign of Terror), he advocated against the death penalty and for the abolition of slavery, while supporting equality of rights, universal suffrage and the establishment of a republic. He opposed war with Austria and the possibility of a coup by the Marquis de Lafayette. As a member of the Committee of Public Safety, he was an important fgure during the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended a few months after his arrest and execution in July 1794. Influenced by 18th-century Enlightenment philosophes such as Rousseau and Montesquieu, he was a capable articulator of the beliefs of the left- wing bourgeoisie. His supporters called him The Incorruptible, while his adversaries called him dictateur sanguinaire (bloodthirsty dictator). His reputation has gone through cycles. It peaked in the 1920s when the influential French historian Albert Mathiez rejected the common view of Robespierre as demagogic, dictatorial, and fanatical. Mathiez argued he was an eloquent spokesman for the poor and oppressed, an enemy of royalist intrigues, a vigilant adversary of dishonest and corrupt politicians, a guardian of the French Republic, an intrepid leader of the French Revolutionary government, and a prophet of a socially responsible state. l] In recent decades his reputation has suffered from his association with radical purification of politics by the killing of his Contents [hide] 1 Early life 2 Early politics 3 Jacobin Club 4 Opposition to war with Austria

Juvenile offenders should be tried and punished as adults

Juvenile offenders should be tried and punished as adults A youth say 13, boy or girl, acquires a gun and shoots another youth who has been harassing them. There is no doubt they should receive some sort of punishment for their actions. However, should they receive this punishment through the Juvenile Courts or Criminal Courts? This is the question, which has no real definitive answer. However, this paper will attempt to address some important issued concerning this matter. Studies have shown that juvenile crime was on the raise during the beginning of the 1990s. During the late 1990s and into the early part of the new century these crimes have fallen slightly. However, where these crimes the same type of crimes as juveniles committed before? No these crimes have become more violent in nature due to the change in the world we live in. Therefore, in conducting research into this matter it came to show the age of the individual should not be a determining factor but the crime committed. Juveniles today commit more serious crimes than before; thus requiring them to be tried and punished as adults because of the nature of the crime, violence involved, and types of crimes. Now in dealing with the crimes being committed we cannot discuss this without first getting over a major hurdle, being age. This is the most discussed portion of any argument when dealing with juveniles and crime. At what age does a child have the ability to commit a crime? Under the common law, which all laws in the United States originated, states that a child could not commit a crime if the defense was able to prove infancy. Infancy or in other words immaturity was the guide and concluded a child could not commit an adult offense. However, what is this age and when does it or did it change? Well in order to answer these questions, we must look into our past. Children for many years were more property then identified as person. If a child did something wrong it was legal for a father to take his life. Now as time went on things changed and so did life. Progress was moving forward and children advanced along with the rest of humanity. This is evident today in that children today do things we could only dream of doing at their age. In considering this at what age, does a child show a difference between diminished responsibility and bad decision? Children today have advanced socially due to modern technology such as television, movies, and games. The time when a child killed someone but because he/she did not understand a gun with bullets can harm is no longer. Now they can still make a bad decision but at the same time adults make bad decisions and are held responsible so why not those children who do the same thing? Legislation in each state addressed this issue. The State of Arizona for example has no age limit for transferring a juvenile to criminal court. Arizona uses a variety of provisions in order to deal with juvenile crime. These include judicial wavier laws like discretionary and presumptive. In addition, procedures for dealing concurrent jurisdiction, statutory exclusion, reverse wavier and once an adult always an adult. The next part in dealing with age is the use of term delinquency as it pertains to juvenile crime. Before continuing, you must understand when dealing with juvenile crimes the term delinquency is a part of the actions involved. All juveniles who process through the Juvenile Court system obtain the label as delinquent. However, there are two types of delinquency, first are the illegal acts whether committed by an adult or juvenile. Second are status offenses, which only juveniles commit. These status offenses are those such as curfew violations, truancy, and running away from home. These acts, though they concern us, may only come into consideration when deciding to transfer a juvenile to criminal court, but are not tried themselves in criminal court. The illegal acts such as murder, robbery, rape, and so on are the crimes in which juveniles are transfer to criminal court. These crimes are the ones in which juveniles today are committing but until recently where tried in Juvenile court. In many cases, delinquency determines if a juvenile who has committed minor offenses, then commi ts a felony crime requires transferred. Under some current legislation once, a juvenile commits a felony crime they automatically are delinquent and transferred to criminal court. What is the nature of the crimes that would constitute a juvenile being transferred to criminal court? The nature of the crimes committed by juveniles has changed over the years. For example, if a juvenile took someones car without permission it was more of a prank referred to as joyriding. Today taking of the same car would be theft. Since most uses of stolen cars is for the furtherance of committing other crimes. This is just a simple example but it sets the stage for how the juvenile justice system had to evolve in order to keep up with the crimes being committed. The focus of the juvenile courts was rehabilitation of the offenders without attaching a permanent criminal record. Believing that all children had no knowledge or responsibility of the actions they committed. This relates back to the argument about age and crimes committed by juveniles. Until the 1990s juveniles, committing crimes rarely saw their case transferred to criminal court. This changed when juveniles began committing more and more adult crimes and the thought changed concerning the nature of crime as it pertain s to juveniles. Therefore, legislation adjusted the focus of the juvenile justices system correcting the nature of the crime to be the same between adults and juveniles. Juveniles who committed felony crimes were now responsible for those crimes and received the same legal process as adults. This in itself was a major change from that of the juvenile courts. Under the provisions of juvenile courts, an offender did not have any constitutional rights. In criminal court, these juveniles now received the same protections under the constitution. Now that the nature of crime changed to meet the needs of the justice system, the violence used became a concern. In the early years of the juvenile justice system, there was violence involved with certain crimes committed. However, the violence pertained more to assault and battery. As time progressed so did the juvenile criminals. Now longer were the crimes just involving assault but weapons, particularly guns became involved. Increasing the violence used while committing crimes. This also led to the increase of fear in the public concerning juvenile criminal activity. As far as weapons are concerned, the use of a gun in violent assaults exceeds that of other weapons. The juvenile offender no longer needs to be within arms range to commit crimes. The use of a gun provided for an increase in murders and attempted murders committed by juveniles. Furthermore, technology today overwhelmed juveniles with images justifying gun violence. We cannot change the advancement of technology but it should be of concern to us. The problems of being a juvenile today also influenced juvenile violence. Juveniles carrying guns to school and using them helped fuel the thought of transferring cases to criminal court. Now not all crimes committed by juveniles with the use of weapons have received transfers to criminal court. The use of a gun, which is violent, was the center point of a case in Santa Cruz County, Arizona. In this case, a juvenile found and began playing with a gun; even though he removed the magazine; he did not know the gun was still loaded. He pointed the gun at a friend and killed her. This case remained in juvenile court and the offender received a sentence of one year in jail. So what is the difference between this and a juvenile who uses a gun in a drive by shooting? The amount of violence is the same. The difference is the intent involved. This again brings up the issue of age and knowledge of the crime being committed. Juveniles who use violence during the commission of a crime know what they are doing and need to be accountable for them. Now with these changes in the n ature of crime and violence, the need to discuss the legislative statutes involved with transferring cases to criminal court. The association between psychopathic characteristics and the severity of the crime has been investigated in two studies. Brandt et al. (1997) found a correlation between the 18-itemPCL-R Total and Factor 1 scores and crime severity. Gretton, McBride, Lewis, OShaughnessy, and Hare (1994) reported that adolescent sex offenders with high PCL:YV scores threatened their victims more and used more server violence during their sexually assaultive acts then did nonpsychopathic sexual offenders. (Gacono, 2000) When dealing with juveniles and the current procedures of transferring them to criminal court, one must consider the types of crimes, which brought this about. Instead, more selective strategies seem warranted in which only the most violent youth (e.g., those employing firearms and chronic violent offenders) are targeted for criminal court processing. (Myers,D. Young, M. 2005) The seriousness of a felony crime and the fact they are being committed by juveniles lead to a fear in the public. Whether this fear is real or imagined is not the issue. The fact that juveniles are killing causes concern to many. Now the origins of the juvenile courts came about to deal with the problems of juveniles committing petty crimes and status offenses. Since that, time society has changed and life has changed. Juveniles today are involved in criminal activity that before was considered only done by adults. The violent activity of gangs increased with drug activities beginning in the early 1990 has al so supported these fears. These issues met with an outcry from the public to get control of the activities of these juvenile criminals and protect the public. As stated before Arizona has several methods for dealing with juvenile criminals. At the top level is the fact Arizona has no age limit for which the transfer of a juvenile case to criminal court. Therefore, upon the determination of the district attorney, the decision to transfer the case to criminal court can occur to any juvenile even at the age of 10. The state also has other means authorized by legislation concerning the transfer of cases. Arizona has Judicial Wavier, which contains two components. The first is discretionary, which allows for the use of discretion when determining if prosecutor transfers a case. The next is presumptive, which is when age, crime and statutory requires make transfer the mean but allows the offender to show proof that the case should not transfer. Then there is concurrent jurisdiction where the prosecutor can proceed in juvenile or criminal court as they both have authority. Statutory exclusion is for certain categories of juvenile offenders and the decision is solely with prosecutor. Then there is reverse wavier, which allows the criminal court to send the case back to juvenile court of action. Also Arizona has the once an adult/always an adult, which means once a juvenile has processed as an adult in criminal court he/she will always be processed in criminal court. Now with an understanding of how cases transfer to criminal court, we need to look at the crimes juveniles commit. Criminal statutes vary from state to state. Juvenile delinquency is a violation of state or federal law or municipal ordinance by a minor that, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime. (Roberts, A. 2004b) However, under every state statute the crimes, which are felony crimes, remain the same. Crimes such as murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, are just some of the crimes. A felony crime is one in which the offender can receive one year or more in prison. Nationally the numbers of juveniles arrested for felony crimes began to increase and in most statics peaked in the mid 1990s. Even though there was a drop since that time, the numbers concerning violent crimes are still alarming. The Federal Bureau of Investigations is responsible for tracking crime statistics. Now in dealing with statistics you must take it with a grain of salt. Writers use Statistics to sway our opinions for one purpose or another. However, in taking the information just as shown, you can make you own decision. The information between 1999 and 2008 showed drops in murder/manslaughter, forcible rape, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson, and violent crime. These numbers were significant as they showed decreases above 10 percent in all but two categories. (Extract from Crime in the United States 2008.) However, those same statistics when taken in a smaller year span show much different results. Between 2004 and 2008, those same crimes showed increases in murder/manslaughter, robbery, burglary, larceny, and violent crime. All these crimes listed are felony crimes across the country. These types of crimes are which the changes in law and attitude prompted transferring juveniles to criminal court. Now is there a correlation between the reduction in some crimes and the punishments received by offenders? This is a good question, since statistics relating to crimes committed by juveniles is non-existent or of no value. However, one can conclude that the decrease can result from more juveniles incarcerated. However, there are studies, which indicate that juveniles transferred to criminal court receive less punishment, then those retained in juvenile courts. Whatever the case maybe these types of crimes are of concern throughout the public and treating these offenders as adults was a neces sary requirement. This with the other factors justified the transferring juvenile criminals to criminal courts. Age of a juvenile came into consideration when determining whether they were able to commit a felony crime. This is not the case anymore as we progressed through the years so have the juveniles. Where there was a belief they could not understand what they were doing, they now know fully their actions. Delinquent juveniles have shown there inability to respond to rehabilitation and therefore need to receive more appropriate punishments. The natures of the crimes committed by juveniles now no longer perceived to be acts of immaturity but the criminal acts they are. Juveniles can and do understand their acts and those who commit criminal activity with knowing intent should receive the same treatment as adult. There are legislative statutes to control the transfer of juveniles to criminal court. Even though they are not perfect they due provide for constitutional guaranties and only transfer those who require appropriate treatment. . There is no end in sight for the types of crimes being committed. We cannot go back in time therefore we need to treat those juvenile criminals as such and stop the glorification of committing these crimes. Reference Page Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders. A Century of Juvenile Justice. (2002) Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 206, 226-229. Griffin, P., Szymanski, L., Torbet, P.(1998) Trying Juveniles As Adults in Criminal Courts: An Analysis of State Transfer Provisions. New York: Diane Pub Co.. Gacono, C. (2000). The Clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: a practitioners guide. Mahwah, NJ . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.. Myers, D., Young, M. (2005) How Should the Criminal Justice System Treat Juvenile Offenders?. Opposing Viewpoints Series Juvenile Crime (hardcover edition). 1 ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 95-110. Roberts, A. (2004a) Juvenile Justice Policy. Juvenile Justice Sourcebook Past Present and Future, Edition: 3. New York: Oxford Univpr, 49-51 and 56-60. Roberts, A. (2004b) Juvenile Court. Juvenile Justice Sourcebook Past Present and Future, Edition: 3. New York: Oxford Univpr, 252-257. Roberts, A. (2004c) An Overview of Juvenile and Juvenile Delinquency. Juvenile Justice Sourcebook Past Present and Future, Edition: 3. New York: Oxford Univpr, 10,11,13,15,19,20,21. Scott, E.S., Steinberg, L.(2008). Why Crime is Different?. Rethinking Juvenile Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 94-99. Snyder, Howard N..(2000) Juvenile transfers to criminal court in the 1990s : lessons learned from four studies : summary (SuDoc J 32.20:J 98). Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Dept Of Justice, Office Of Justice Programs, Office Of Juvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention. The Changing Faces of Juvenile Justice (Monographs of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch). (1978) 1st, Date Same on Title Copyright Page ed. New York City: New York University Press. Zimring, F.E..(2005) A Rational For American Juvenile Justice. American Juvenile Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 56-62. Crime in the United States 2008. FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation Homepage. N.p., n.d. Web 13 July 2010. Snyder, H., Sickmund, M., Poe-Yamagata, E. (2000) Juvenile Transfers to Criminal Court in the 1990s: Lessons Learned From Four States. National Center for Juvenile Justice: Pittsburg, PA. Griffin, P. (2008) Different from Adults: An Updated Analysis of Juvenile Transfer and Blending Sentencing Laws, With Recommendations for Reform. National Center for Juvenile Justice: Pittsburg, PA Griffin, P. (2003) Trying and Sentencing Juveniles as Adults: An Analysis of State Transfer and Blending Sentencing Laws. National Center for Juvenile Justice: Pittsburg, PA